Rising beside the Patio de los Naranjos in Córdoba’s historic centre, the Mezquita-Catedral’s bell tower embodies the complex’s transformation from mosque to cathedral. Its Renaissance-era structure encloses remains of the tenth-century minaret commissioned by the caliph Abd al-Rahman III, preserving Islamic architecture within a Christian landmark. The tiered belfry is crowned by a figure of Saint Raphael, Córdoba’s traditional protector. From the courtyard, orange trees frame the tower’s vertical silhouette against the mosque-cathedral’s broad, low roofline. Views from the tower reveal the courtyard’s ordered planting, the building’s immense footprint and the tightly packed rooftops of the surrounding old city.
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